We were shocked. We had just assumed that if millions of children were dying and they could be saved, the world would make it a priority to discover and deliver the medicines to save them. But it did not. For under a dollar, there were interventions that could save lives that just weren’t being delivered.
如果你相信每个生命都有同样的价值，那么当你发现某些生命被挽救了，而另一些生命被放弃了，你会感到无法接受。我们对自己说：“事情不可能如此。如果这是真的，那么它理应是我们努力的头等大事。”
If you believe that every life has equal value, it’s revolting to learn that some lives are seen as worth saving and others are not. We said to ourselves, “This can’t be true. But if it is true, it deserves to be the priority of our giving.”
所以，我们用任何人都会想到的方式开始工作。我们问：“这个世界怎么可以眼睁睁看着这些孩子死去？”
So we began our work in the same way anyone here would begin it. We asked, “How could the world let these children die?”
答案很简单，也很令人难堪。在市场经济中，拯救这些孩子的生命是一项没有利润的工作，政府也不会提供补助。这些儿童之所以会死亡，是因为他们的父母在经济上没有实力，在政治上没有能力发出声音。
The answer is simple, and harsh. The market did not reward saving the lives of these children, and governments did not subsidize it. So the children died because their mothers and their fathers had no power in the market and no voice in the system.
但是，你们和我在经济上有实力，在政治上能够发出声音。
But you and I have both.
我们可以让市场更好地为穷人服务，如果我们能够设计出一种更有创新性的资本主义制度——如果我们可以改变市场，让更多的人获得利润，或者至少可以维持生活——那么，这就可以帮到那些正在极端不公正的状况中受苦的人们。我们还可以向全世界的政府施压，要求他们将纳税人的钱，花到更符合纳税人价值观的地方。
We can make market forces work better for the poor if we can develop a more creative capitalism, if we can stretch the reach of market forces so that more people can make a profit, or at least make a living, serving people who are suffering from the worst inequities. We also can press governments around the world to spend taxpayer money in ways that better reflect the values of the people who pay the taxes.
如果我们能够找到这样一种方法，既可以帮到穷人，又可以为商人带来利润，为政治家带来选票，那么我们就找到了一种减少世界性不公正的可持续的发展道路。这个任务是无限的。它不可能被完全完成，但是任何自觉地解决这个问题的尝试，都将会改变这个世界。
If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a sustainable way to reduce inequity in the world. This task is open-ended. It can never be finished. But a conscious effort to answer this challenge will change the world.
我是乐观的，我们能做到这一点。但是，我与那些声称没有希望的怀疑者们谈话时，他们说：“不公平从人类诞生的第一天起就伴随着我们，到人类灭亡的最后一天也将伴随我们吗？——因为人类对这个问题根本不关心。”我完全不能同意这种观点。
I am optimistic that we can do this, but I talk to skeptics who claim there is no hope. They say, “Inequity has been with us since the beginning, and will be with us till the end? Because people just…don’t…care.” I completely disagree.
我相信，问题不是我们不关心，而是我们不知道做什么。
I believe we have more caring than we know what to do with.
此刻在这院子里的所有人，生命中总有这样或那样的时刻，目睹人类的悲剧，感到万分伤心。但是我们什么也没做，并非我们无动于衷，而是因为我们不知道做什么。如果我们知道如何去帮助他们，那么我们就会采取行动。
All of us here in this yard, at one time or another, have seen human tragedies that broke our hearts, and yet we did nothing—not because we didn’t care, but because we didn’t know what to do. If we had known how to help, we would have acted.
改变世界的阻碍，并非人类的冷漠，而是世界实在太复杂。
The barrier to change is not too little caring; it is too much complexity.
为了将关心转变为行动，我们需要发现问题，找到解决问题的办法，并评估其效果。但是世界的复杂性使得这三步都难以做到。
To turn caring into action, we need to see a problem, see a solution, and see the impact. But complexity blocks all three steps.
就算我们能真正地发现问题所在，也不过是迈出了第一步，接着还有第二步：那就是从复杂的事件中找到解决办法。
If we can really see a problem, which is the first step, we come to the second step: cutting through the complexity to find a solution.
如果我们要让关心落到实处，我们就必须找到解决办法。如果我们有一个清晰的和可靠的答案，那么当任何组织和个人发出疑问“我怎样才能提供帮助”的时候，我们就能采取行动。我们就能够保证不浪费一丁点全世界人类对他人的关心。但是，世界的复杂性使得我们很难找到对全世界每一个有爱心的人都有效的行动方法，因此人类对他人的关心往往很难产生实际效果。
Finding solutions is essential if we want to make the most of our caring. If we have clear and proven answers anytime an organization or individual asks “How can I help?” then we can get action—and we can make sure that none of the caring in the world is wasted. But complexity makes it hard to mark a path of action for everyone who cares—and that makes it hard for their caring to matter.
从这个复杂的世界中找到解决办法，可以分为四个步骤：确定目标，找到最优的路径，发现适用于这个路径的理想的技术，同时最聪明地利用现有的技术，不管它是复杂的药物，还是较简单的蚊帐。
Cutting through complexity to find a solution runs through four predictable stages: determine a goal, find the highest-leverage approach, discover the ideal technology for that approach, and in the meantime, make the smartest application of the technology that you already have—whether it’s something sophisticated, like a drug, or something simpler, like a bednet.
艾滋病的流行就是一个例子。总的目标，毫无疑问是消灭这种疾病。最优的路径是预防。最理想的技术是发明一种疫苗，只要注射一次，就可以终生免疫。所以，政府、制药公司、基金会应该资助疫苗研究。但是，这样研究工作很可能10年之内都无法完成。因此，与此同时，我们必须使用现有的技术，目前最有效的预防途径就是设法让人们避免那些危险的行为。
The AIDS epidemic offers an example. The broad goal, of course, is to end the disease. The highest-leverage approach is prevention. The ideal technology would be a vaccine that gives lifetime immunity with a single dose. So governments, drug companies, and foundations fund vaccine research. But their work is likely to take more than a decade, so in the meantime, we have to work with what we have in hand—and the best prevention approach we have now is getting people to avoid risky behavior.
要实现这个新的目标，又可以采用新的四步循环。这是一种模式。关键是永远不要停止思考和行动。我们千万不能再犯20世纪在疟疾和肺结核上犯过的错误，那时我们因为它们太复杂，而放弃了采取行动。
Pursuing that goal starts the four-step cycle again. This is the pattern. The crucial thing is to never stop thinking and working—and never do what we did with malaria and tuberculosis in the 20th century—which is to surrender to complexity and quit.
在发现问题和找到解决途径之后，就是最后一步——评估工作效果，分享你的成功经验和失败经验，这样其他人就可以从你的努力中有所收获。
The final step—after seeing the problem and finding an approach—is to measure the impact of your work and share your successes and failures so that others learn from your efforts.
当然，你必须有一些统计数字。你必须能够让人们看到，你的项目为数百万儿童接种了疫苗。你也必须能够让人们看到，儿童因患这些病的死亡人数下降了多少。这些都是很关键的，不仅有利于改善项目效果，也有利于从商界和政府得到更多的帮助。
