Lesson1
I. Reading comprehension.
1.herearefour sources of thelaw in theUnited States. They areconstitutional law， statutory law， administrative regulations， and thecommon law （ which includes case law） .
2. Yes， it is.
3. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other s rulings，American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point， the facts and law at issue are nearly identical， and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.
4. It traditionally focused on areas where therewas an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution，like the military，money，foreign affairs（ especially international treaties） ， tariffs， intellectual property （ specifically patents and copyrights） ， and mail.
5. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.
6. It is based upon the Napoleonic Code.
7. American lawyer David Dudley Field did.
8. The advantage of codification is that once the state legislature becomes accustomed to writing new laws as amendments to an existing code， the code will usually reflect democratic sentiment as to what the current law is.
II. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） division （ 2） Federal （ 3） delegated （ 4） Legislative
（ 5） expenditure（ 6） the SupremeCourt（ 7） Constitution（ 8） efficient
III. Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
美国法院体系是政府联邦体系的组成部分，以两级结构为特点：包括州法院和联邦法院。每个州都有自己的法院体系，由民事和刑事初审法院组成，有时还包括上诉法院和州最高法院。联邦法院体系则包括：一系列面向相对较小的地区的初审法院（称为地方法院） ，巡回法院———审理众多位于特定地区的地方法院的上诉案件，以及联邦最高法院。
IV. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
The United States is a common law country. Every statehas a legal systembased on the common law， except Louisiana （ which relies on the French Civil Code） . Common law has no statutory basis； judges establish common law by applying previous decisions （ precedents） to present cases. Although typically affected by statutory authority， broad areas of the law， most notably relating to property， contracts， and torts are traditionally part of the common law. These areas of the law are mostly within the jurisdiction of the states， and thus state laws are the primary source of common law.
V. Exploring question.
Omitted.
Lesson2
I.ecide whether the following statements are true （ T） or false （ F） according to the text.
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
II. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） further revised （ 2） the Bill of Rights （ 3） ratified （ 4） resistance
（ 5） forerunner（ 6） individual rights（ 7） guarantees（ 8） unanimous
III. Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese.
1.这一条款的意思是，当州宪法或者由州立法机关或美国国会通过的法律与联邦宪法相抵触时，它们便没有效力。
2. （联邦宪法中）相当详细地列出了立法部门可以制定法律的事项，尽管多年来的司法决定已扩展了国会（立法）活动的范围。
3.总统、副总统及美国所有的政府官员，因叛国罪、贿赂罪或其他重罪和轻罪而被弹劾并被认定有罪的，应予以免职。
4.正如联邦政府一样，州政府在形式上必须是共和制，最终权力归于人民。
5.他们也知道这改变的程序不应太容易，不应允许设计不周和仓促通过的修正案出现。
IV. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
The United States Constitution is the“supreme law of the land”； it provides the basis for the U.S. government， and guarantees the freedom and rights of all U.S. citizens. No laws may contradict any of the Constitution s principles and no governmental authority in the U.S. is exempt fromcomplying with it. Thefederal courts havethesoleauthority to interpret the Constitution and to evaluate the federal constitutionality of federal or state laws.
V. Oral work.
Omitted.
Lesson3
I. Reading comprehension.
1.enerally， it is considered as a branch of public law.
2. When sitting in review of a decision， theCourt will only look at the method in which the decision was arrived at， whereas in appeal the correctness of the decision itself will be under question.
3. Justice Breyer defines administrative law in four parts. Namely， the legal rules and principles that：①definethe authority and structureof administrativeagencies；②specify the procedural formalities employed by agencies；③determine the validity of agency decisions； and④define the role of reviewing courts and other governmental entities in relation to administrative agencies.
4. In 1946.
5. Administrative Law Review.
II. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box.
（ 1） public utilities （ 2） private conduct （ 3） publication model （ 4） rule
（ 5） proposal（ 6） written comments（ 7） notice（ 8） hearing
III. Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
行政行为的司法控制是美国行政法最重要的课题之一。由于（美国）没有专门的法院审理行政案件，所以就在一般法院的传统诉讼框架下进行司法审查。大多数的联邦管理立法，都明确地授权对负责管理的机构的特定行为进行审查。
IV. Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
The administrative law of USA is composed of constitutional law， statutes， case law， and agency rules. On the constitutional level， the effect of due process clause upon administrative procedure is of chief importance. Most significant on the statutory level is the Federal Administrative Procedure Act of 1946， which sought to regularize administrative procedure and to clarify the scope of judicial review of administrative action. Case law also plays an important role， due to the general nature of many constitutional and statutory directives.
V. Discussion.
Omitted.
Lesson4
I. Reading comprehension.
1.riminal punishment， depending on the offense and jurisdiction， may include execution， loss of liberty， government supervision（ parole or probation） ， or fines.
2. Five. They are retribution， deterrence， incapacitation， rehabilitation and restitution.
3. Becausethey havetaken improper advantage， or inflicted unfair detriment upon others and consequently， thecriminal law will put them at someunpleasant disadvantageto“balance the scales”.
4. Rehabilitation.
